Narration Rules বা Narration এর নিয়ম (সহজ পদ্ধতি)
Firstly:
1.
Tense
2.
Person and Pronoun
3.
Verb
4.
Parts of Sentence
2. Person and Pronoun:
|
Person |
Subjective
|
Objective |
Possessive |
Reflexive |
|
|
1st Person |
Singular |
I |
me |
my |
myself |
|
Plural |
We |
us |
our,
ours |
ourselves |
|
|
2nd Person
|
Singular |
You |
you |
your,
yours |
yourself |
|
Plural |
You |
you |
your,
yours |
yourselves |
|
|
3rd Person |
Singular |
He |
him |
his |
himself |
|
Singular |
She |
her |
her,
hers |
herself |
|
|
Plural |
They |
them |
their,
theirs |
themselves |
|
|
Plural |
It |
it |
its |
itself |
|
Narration কাকে বলে ?
কোনো ব্যক্তি কথা বলার সময় যা যা বলে তাই মূলত Speech/Narration.সুতরাং বক্তা যা বলে তাকে Speech বা Narration বলে।
Speech/Narration দুই প্রকার। যথা:
1.Direct
Speech (প্রত্যক্ষ উক্তি)
2.Indirect Speech (পরোক্ষ উক্তি)
1. Direct Speech কাকে বলে ?
যখন কোনো কথাকে পরিবর্তন না করে অবিকল সে ভাষায় বলা হয় তখন তাকে Direct Speech/Narration বলে।
উদাহরণ: Direct
Speech: Jamil said to me, “I am a good student.”
Direct
Speech দুটি অংশ থাকে। যথা:
1.Reporting
Verb: Inverted
Comma (“ ”) এর ভিতের অংশকে Reported Speech বলে। (উপরে “I am a good student.” হলো Reported Speech.)
2.Reported Speech: যে Verb দ্বারা বক্তব্য প্রকাশ করা হয় তাকে Reporting Verb বলে। (এখানে said হলো Reporting Verb.)
2. Indirect Speech কাকে বলে ?
যখন কোনো কথাকে পরিবর্তন করে ব্যক্ত করা হয় তখন তাকে Indirect Speech/Narration বলে।
Direct Speech: Jamil said to me, “I am a good student.”
Indirect Speech: Jamil said to me that he was a good student.
পূর্বের Direct Speech-এর উদাহরণে আমারা দেখেছিলাম যে, Jamil তার নিজের ব্যাপারে বলেছিল যে “I am a good student.”
***Rule: R.V.পরিবর্তন +Linker বসাতে হবে+ Person
পরিবর্তন করতে হবে+ Tense /Verb পরিবর্তন করতে হবে+ Word পরিবর্তন করতে হবে।
Rule 1: Reporting Verb ও Inverted Comma-এর পরিবর্তন:
|
Sentence |
Reporting Verb (Said)
এর পরিবর্তে বসে |
Inverted Comma-এর
পরিবর্তে বসে |
|
Assertive |
said/told |
that |
|
Interrogative |
asked |
if/wh-word |
|
Imperative |
ordered (আদেশ), advised (উপদেশ), , forbade (নিষেধ), requested (অনুরোধ), proposed (প্রস্তাব) |
to/not to/that |
|
Optative |
wished(ইচ্ছা), prayed (প্রার্থনা) |
that |
|
Exclamatory |
exclaimed with joy/sorrow |
that |
Rule 2: Linker পরিবর্তনের নিয়ম:
|
Assertive |
Interrogative |
Imperative |
Optative |
Exclamatory |
|
That |
If/ Whether |
To |
That |
That |
|
|
|
That |
|
|
Rule 3: Person পরিবর্তনের নিয়ম:
|
1st Person |
Subject |
|
2nd Person |
Object |
|
3rd Person |
No change |
Rule 4: Tense/Verb পরিবর্তনের নিয়ম:
|
Direct |
Indirect |
|
am/is/are |
Was/ were |
|
Had (A.V) |
No change |
|
Had (M.V) |
had been |
|
have/has |
had |
|
V1 (Present Form) |
V2 (Past Form) |
|
V2 (Past Form) |
had+V3 |
|
did |
had+V3 |
|
shall/will |
would |
|
can |
could |
|
may |
might |
|
must |
had to/must
(চিরকালীন বাধ্যতা) |
Rule 5: Word পরিবর্তনের নিয়ম:
|
Direct |
Indirect |
Direct |
Indirect |
|
Ago |
Before |
Yes |
Replied
in the affirmative |
|
Come |
Go |
No |
Replied
in the negative |
|
Here |
There |
Sir |
Respectfully |
|
Hence |
Thence |
Thank |
S+
thanked+ 0 |
|
Hither |
Thither |
Congratulation |
S+
congratulated+ O |
|
Now |
Then/At
that time |
Good
morning/night |
S+
wished+ O+ good morning/night |
|
Next |
Following |
Good-bye |
S+
bade+ O+ good-bye |
|
Today |
That
day/Yester day |
Happy
birth day |
S+
wished+ O+ happy birth day |
|
Thus |
So/
In that way |
Why? |
S+
wanted to know the reason |
|
These(days) |
Those(days) |
Sorry/I
am sorry |
S+
apologized |
|
This/it |
That |
Well/Ok(উৎসাহ) |
S+
inspired+ O/Inspiring+O+,+ S |
|
This
day |
That
day |
Well/Ok(সমর্থণ) |
S+
supported+ 0 |
|
Tonight |
That
night |
Stop! |
S+
shouted+ 0 |
|
Tomorrow |
The
next day/Following day |
So |
That
is why |
|
Last(month/day |
Previous(month/day) |
But |
Expressing
dissatisfaction |
|
Yesterday |
The
previous day |
Excuse
me/sorry to disturb you |
Seeking
an excuse |
The Rules of Passage Narration
➤
The speaker and the listener নির্ণয় করতে হবে।
➤
No subject = The speaker
➤
No object The listener/The person spoken to
➤
R.V. বাক্যের শেষে বা Passage এর মাঝে থাকলে তাকে বাক্যের শুরুতে নিয়ে আসতে হবে।
➤একই Subject এর একাধিক উক্তি থাকলে তবে দ্বিতীয় বা তৎপরবর্তী উক্তিগুলোর জন্যে:
1.
Assertive added/further added/also said/again said.
2.
Interrogative = also asked/again asked/further asked.
➤
R.S. (please/can/could/will/would) থাকলে R.V.
(asked/requested) হবে and
follow to the imperative rules.
➤
R.S. (you ought to/should/had better) = R.V. (advised) and follow to the
imperative rules.
➤
সম্বোধন সূচক শব্দ (Brother/Mum/Dad/Lord/Mom/Sister/Madam
etc.) থাকলে
1.
Addressing + যাকে করা হবে সেই+ as+ যা বলে সম্বোধন করা হয়েছ।
2.
Relation যদি true হয় তবে তা R.V. এর object করতে হয়।
➤
By Allah/by Jove/by God/by my life = Swearing by Allah/by Jove/by God/by my
life.
➤
R.V. (cried/muttered/replied/asked) = No change
নিচে Assertive Sentence-এর Direct Narration ও তার Indirect Narration দেওয়া হলো—
10 Sentences of Assertive Sentence (Direct & Indirect Narration):
-
Direct: He said, "I am very happy today."
Indirect: He said that he was very happy that day. -
Direct: She said, "I like ice cream."
Indirect: She said that she liked ice cream. -
Direct: They said, "We will visit Cox’s Bazar next month."
Indirect: They said that they would visit Cox’s Bazar the following month. -
Direct: The teacher said, "The sun rises in the east."
Indirect: The teacher said that the sun rises in the east. -
Direct: He said, "I have finished my work."
Indirect: He said that he had finished his work. -
Direct: She said, "My mother is cooking now."
Indirect: She said that her mother was cooking then. -
Direct: The boy said, "I did my homework yesterday."
Indirect: The boy said that he had done his homework the previous day. -
Direct: The old man said, "I cannot walk properly."
Indirect: The old man said that he could not walk properly. -
Direct: My friend said, "I will help you with your project."
Indirect: My friend said that he would help me with my project. -
Direct: The manager said, "The meeting is important for all employees."
Indirect: The manager said that the meeting was important for all employees.
Passage 1 (Direct Narration)
Rahul said, "I always complete my homework on time." His teacher smiled and praised his dedication. Rahul believed that punctuality and hard work led to success. His classmates admired his discipline and tried to follow his example.
(Indirect Narration)
Rahul said that he always completed his homework on time. His teacher smiled and praised his dedication. Rahul believed that punctuality and hard work led to success. His classmates admired his discipline and tried to follow his example.
Passage 2 (Direct Narration)
The coach said, "Hard work and determination always lead to success." The players listened carefully and nodded in agreement. They promised to give their best in the next match. The coach’s words filled them with confidence and motivation.
(Indirect Narration)
The coach said that hard work and determination always led to success. The players listened carefully and nodded in agreement. They promised to give their best in the next match. The coach’s words filled them with confidence and motivation.
Passage 3 (Direct Narration)
Father said, "Honesty is the best policy in life." He advised his son to always speak the truth. The boy listened attentively and promised to follow his father’s advice. His father was pleased with his sincerity and determination.
(Indirect Narration)
Father said that honesty was the best policy in life. He advised his son to always speak the truth. The boy listened attentively and promised to follow his father’s advice. His father was pleased with his sincerity and determination.
Passage 4 (Direct Narration)
The teacher said, "Practice makes a man perfect." She encouraged the students to work hard. The students understood the value of regular study. They decided to revise their lessons daily to improve their performance in the examination.
(Indirect Narration)
The teacher said that practice made a man perfect. She encouraged the students to work hard. The students understood the value of regular study. They decided to revise their lessons daily to improve their performance in the examination.
Passage 5 (Direct Narration)
Mother said, "Helping others brings true happiness." She taught her children to be kind and generous. The children followed her words and helped the needy. Their kindness brought them joy and satisfaction, making their mother proud of them.
(Indirect Narration)
Mother said that helping others brought true happiness. She taught her children to be kind and generous. The children followed her words and helped the needy. Their kindness brought them joy and satisfaction, making their mother proud of them.
10 Sentences of Interrogative Sentence (Direct & Indirect Narration):
-
Direct: He said to me, "Where are you going?"
Indirect: He asked me where I was going. -
Direct: The teacher said, "Who wrote this poem?"
Indirect: The teacher asked who had written that poem. -
Direct: She said, "Do you like chocolate?"
Indirect: She asked if I liked chocolate. -
Direct: My friend said to me, "Have you completed your homework?"
Indirect: My friend asked me if I had completed my homework. -
Direct: The boy said, "Did you see the new movie?"
Indirect: The boy asked if I had seen the new movie. -
Direct: The policeman said, "What is your name?"
Indirect: The policeman asked what my name was. -
Direct: He said, "Will you come to my birthday party?"
Indirect: He asked if I would come to his birthday party. -
Direct: The girl said, "Can you help me with my project?"
Indirect: The girl asked if I could help her with her project. -
Direct: The teacher said to the students, "Why are you making noise?"
Indirect: The teacher asked the students why they were making noise. -
Direct: She said to me, "Do you know how to swim?"
Indirect: She asked me if I knew how to swim.
Passage 1 (Direct Narration)
The teacher said to Rafi, "Did you complete your homework?" Rafi hesitated and replied, "I forgot to do it." The teacher reminded him about the importance of regular study. Rafi promised to complete his homework on time.
Passage (Indirect Narration)
The teacher asked Rafi if he had completed his homework. Rafi hesitated and replied that he had forgotten to do it. The teacher reminded him about the importance of regular study. Rafi promised to complete his homework on time.
Passage 2 (Direct Narration)
Father said to his son, "Where did you go last evening?" The son smiled and said, "I went to the library." Father appreciated his interest in books and encouraged him to continue reading regularly.
Passage (Indirect Narration)
Father asked his son where he had gone the previous evening. The son smiled and said that he had gone to the library. Father appreciated his interest in books and encouraged him to continue reading regularly.
Passage 3 (Direct Narration)
The stranger said to the boy, "Can you show me the way to the railway station?" The boy replied, "Yes, follow me." He guided the stranger to the station, who thanked him for his kindness.
Passage (Indirect Narration)
The stranger asked the boy if he could show him the way to the railway station. The boy replied that he could and asked him to follow. He guided the stranger to the station, who thanked him for his kindness.
Passage 4 (Direct Narration)
The policeman said to the man, "Why are you standing here so late at night?" The man replied, "I am waiting for my brother." The policeman nodded and asked him to be careful.
Passage 8 (Indirect Narration)
The policeman asked the man why he was standing there so late at night. The man replied that he was waiting for his brother. The policeman nodded and asked him to be careful.
Passage 5 (Direct Narration)
The student said to the teacher, "How can I improve my English?" The teacher replied, "Read books and practice speaking daily." The student thanked the teacher and decided to follow the advice.
Passage (Indirect Narration)
The student asked the teacher how he could improve his English. The teacher replied that he should read books and practice speaking daily. The student thanked the teacher and decided to follow the advice.
6 Sentences of Imperative Sentence (Direct & Indirect Narration):
গঠন : Subject + ordered(আদেশ)/ advised(উপদেশ)/ forbade(নিষেধ)/ requested (অনুরোধ)+ Object+ to/not to+ Verb(RS)+ বাকী অংশ। [Main Verb দ্বারা শুরু হলে।]
1. Direct: The teacher said to the student, “Get out of the classroom.”
Indirect: The teacher ordered the student to get out of the classroom.
2. Direct: He said to me, “Please give me a glass of water.”
Indirect: He requested me to give him a glass of water.
3. Direct: Mother said to me, “Always speak the truth.”
Indirect: Mother advised me to speak the truth always.
4 . Direct: The teacher said to the student, “Don’t miss the class.”
Indirect: The teacher forbade the student not to miss the class.
গঠন : Subject+ proposed/suggested + Object + that+ Subject(RS) + should + Verb(RS)+ বাকি অংশ। [Let দ্বারা শুরু হলে।]
5. Direct: He said to me, “Let us go out for a walk.”
Indirect: He proposed to me that we should go out for a walk.
6. Direct: He said to me, “Let them play football.”
Indirect: He proposed to me that they should play football.
Passage 1 (Direct Narration)
The teacher said, "Read attentively to succeed in life." The students listened carefully and promised to follow the advice. The teacher smiled, hoping they would improve their studies.
Passage (Indirect Narration)
The teacher advised the students to read attentively to succeed in life. The students listened carefully and promised to follow the advice. The teacher smiled, hoping they would improve their studies.
Passage 2 (Direct Narration)
Mother said, "Help the poor whenever possible." The son nodded and promised to help needy people. His mother appreciated his kindness and wished him success in life.
Passage (Indirect Narration)
Mother advised her son to help the poor whenever possible. The son nodded and promised to help needy people. His mother appreciated his kindness and wished him success in life.
Passage 3 (Direct Narration)
Father said, "Never tell lies, no matter what happens." His son promised to be honest always. Father patted his back and praised his good intentions.
Passage (Indirect Narration)
Father advised his son never to tell lies, no matter what happened. His son promised to be honest always. Father patted his back and praised his good intentions.
Passage 4 (Direct Narration)
The doctor said, "Take your medicines on time and rest properly." The patient agreed and thanked him. The doctor smiled, ensuring his advice was followed.
Passage (Indirect Narration)
The doctor advised the patient to take his medicines on time and rest properly. The patient agreed and thanked him. The doctor smiled, ensuring his advice was followed.
Passage 5 (Direct Narration)
The coach said, "Practice daily to improve your skills." The players listened and trained harder. The coach was pleased with their dedication.
Passage (Indirect Narration)
The coach advised the players to practice daily to improve their skills. The players listened and trained harder. The coach was pleased with their dedication.
Passage 1 (Direct Narration)
Mother said, "May you succeed in life, my son!" The son smiled and thanked her. He promised to work hard to fulfill his mother’s wishes.
Passage (Indirect Narration)
Mother wished that her son might succeed in life. The son smiled and thanked her. He promised to work hard to fulfill his mother’s wishes.
Passage2 (Direct Narration)
The old man said, "May God bless you with happiness!" The boy smiled and expressed gratitude. He felt lucky to receive the old man’s blessings.
Passage (Indirect Narration)
The old man wished that God might bless the boy with happiness. The boy smiled and expressed gratitude. He felt lucky to receive the old man’s blessings.
Passage 1 (Direct Narration)
Rahim said, "What a beautiful sunset it is!" He stood by the river, admiring the view. His friend agreed, enjoying the peaceful moment together.
Passage (Indirect Narration)
Rahim exclaimed that it was a very beautiful sunset. He stood by the river, admiring the view. His friend agreed, enjoying the peaceful moment together.
Passage 2 (Direct Narration)
The girl said, "How lucky I am to win the prize!" She jumped with joy, holding her trophy. Her parents clapped, feeling proud of her success.
Passage (Indirect Narration)
The girl exclaimed that she was very lucky to win the prize. She jumped with joy, holding her trophy. Her parents clapped, feeling proud of her success.
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